Review of Pharmacological Evaluation of Neuroprotective Potential of Nelumbo nucifera (Red Flower) Extract in Experimental Alzheimer’s Disease in Rats

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, memory impairment, oxidative stress, and cholinergic dysfunction. In recent years, natural products and phytochemicals have gained increasing attention for their neuroprotective potential against AD pathology. This review highlights the pharmacological evaluation of the neuroprotective activity of Nelumbo nucifera (red flower) extract in experimental models of Alzheimer’s disease in rats. Nelumbo nucifera, commonly known as the sacred lotus, possesses a rich phytochemical profile including flavonoids, alkaloids (nuciferine), phenolic compounds, and antioxidants that contribute to its neuroprotective effects. Experimental studies have demonstrated that treatment with N. nucifera extract attenuates oxidative stress, inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity, enhances antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD, CAT, GSH), and reduces lipid peroxidation (MDA) in the brain. Behavioral studies using the Morris Water Maze and Y-Maze tests indicate significant improvement in spatial learning and memory retention. Histopathological findings support its ability to prevent neuronal degeneration and amyloid beta deposition. The neuroprotective mechanism is attributed to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cholinesterase-inhibiting properties. Therefore, Nelumbo nucifera (red flower) extract represents a promising natural therapeutic candidate for the management and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease, warranting further investigation at molecular and clinical levels.

Keywords: Nelumbo nucifera; Neuroprotection; Alzheimer’s disease; Acetylcholinesterase inhibition